Ireland

Giovanni Battista Rinuccini returns to Rome

Charles II proclaimed king in Edinburgh but not in England

Charles II was proclaimed King in Edinburgh, Scotland, on January 5, 1649, following the execution of his father, King Charles I, by the English Parliament. This proclamation in Scotland occurred despite Charles II not being recognized as king in England at the time. England was then under the control of the Parliament and the New Model Army, led by Oliver Cromwell, following the English Civil War. The country had declared itself a republic, known as the Commonwealth, and it would not recognize Charles II as king until the Restoration in 1660.

Marquis of Ormond James Butler negotiated a peace treaty

The Marquess of Ormond, James Butler, played a significant role during the English Civil War and the Confederate Ireland period.

The Battle of Preston

The Battle of Preston in which Duke of Hamilton at the head of an army of, 20,000 crossed into England in support of Charles I. Scots defeated by Cromwell, 2,000 killed,, 8,000 captured and Hamilton surrendered on, 25 August (and beheaded in March, 1649).

Giovanni Rinuccini, excommunicates adherents of the truce between confederates and Inchiquin

Giovanni Rinuccini, Papal Nuncio to the Irish Confederates, excommunicates those who support the truce between the Confederates and Inchiquin, condemning the agreement as a betrayal of Catholic interests during the Irish Confederate Wars.

Truce between the confederates and Inchiquin

A truce is agreed between the Irish Confederates and Murrough O’Brien, Lord Inchiquin (a Protestant commander aligned with Parliament), during the Irish Confederate Wars in 1648. The agreement is deeply controversial and prompts Giovanni Battista Rinuccini, the papal nuncio to the Irish Confederates, to excommunicate those who support the truce, viewing it as a betrayal of the Catholic cause. This division further weakens the Confederate movement and contributes to its eventual collapse.

Battle of Cnoc na nOs Alasdair MacColla Scottish military leaderdies fighting on Irish side against Cromwells Troops

The Battle of Cnoc na nOs, also known as the Battle of Knocknanauss, took place on November 13, 1647, during the Irish Confederate Wars, part of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, between Confederate Ireland’s Munster army and an English Parliamentarian army under Murrough O’Brien.

Lord Inchiquin, a royalist turned Parliamentarian, sacks the Irish Catholic Confederate garrison at the Rock of Cashel

James, Duke of Ormond, agrees to surrender Dublin to English Parliament

Scottish Presbyterians sell captured Charles I to English parliament

Charles I (19 November 1600 – 30 January 1649) was King of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution in 1649.