Ireland

Shane O'Neill submits to Queen Elizabeth at Whitehall, but rebels again within months

Shane O’Neill, also known as Seán Ó Néill, was an Irish chieftain and a significant figure during the Tudor conquest of Ireland in the 16th century. His relationship with Queen Elizabeth I of England was marked by a complex series of alliances, negotiations, and conflicts.

Mary Queen of Scots lands at Leith on her return from France, after the death of her husband, King Francis II

Battle of Red Sagums

On July 18th, 1561, Irish Rebel, Shane O’Neill defeated English Troops at the Battle of Red Sagmus, Lord Lieutenant of Earl of Sussex kept O’Neill on the defensive. The English pressed their Divide and Conquer Strategy which proved successful when the MacDonalds killed O’Neill.

Shane ONeill rebels and is proclaimed a traitor

The first court of High Commission, a group of officials and Protestant clergy, is set up to enforce the Reformation in Ireland

Latin Mass prohibited in Scotland by Parliament as Protestant faith gained the ascendancy.

John Knox (1505, 1513 or 1514 ? 1572) was a Scottish religious reformer who played the lead part in reforming the Church in Scotland in a Presbyterian manner. The Scottish Reformation, initiated in 1560 and led by John Knox, was Calvinist, and throughout the 17th and 18th centuries, the Church of Scotland maintained a strict theology and kept a tight control over the morality of the population.

Marie of Guise, widow of King James V and Queen Regent of Scotland, died.

Treaty of Edinburgh between France and England, recognizing sovereignty of Mary Queen of Scots

The Treaty of Edinburgh is signed in 1560 between France and England, effectively ending the siege of Leith and concluding French military involvement in Scotland. The treaty recognizes the sovereignty of Mary, Queen of Scots, and her husband, Francis II of France, while also affirming the withdrawal of both French and English troops from Scotland. Although it aimed to secure peace and Scottish independence, Mary refused to ratify the treaty, as it also required her to renounce her claim to the English throne.

Lord Sussex, is sworn in as Lord Deputy

John Knox began the Reformation in Scotland.

John Knox (1505, 1513 or 1514 – 1572) was a Scottish religious reformer who played the lead part in reforming the Church in Scotland in a Presbyterian manner. He is widely regarded as the father of the Protestant Reformation in Scotland, and of the Church of Scotland. He died in Edinburgh on November 24, 1572.